Oil Well Cement Class G API10A /OWC /

Originally, construction-grade portland cement was used for all oil-well purposes. It was generally satisfactory, although the retarded setting time and slow hardening rate were considered objectionable. It was allowed to set from 10 to 20 days. From present knowledge of hardening rates on cement, these long periods of standing cemented probably were unnecessary. The demand for quick-hardening cement led to the use of chemicals, usually calcium chloride, to hasten setting time and early hardening. Also, special cements that possessed in themselves these desirable qualities were developed. These were the first \"oil-well\" cements. These early oil-well cements appeared to fill the general need of the industry until the drilling of deeper wells, i. e., below 6,000 ft. Longer placing time and higher bottom-hole temperatures began to result in the failure of cement to set properly; i.e., setting took place before the cement properly had been placed. Following this, most cement manufacturers began to make their oil-well cement of a Slower-setting type, and several now make special very slow-setting grades called \"high temperature cement\" for extreme depths and temperatures. All these cements, however, are fundamentally similar. They are all portland-type cements. Due to the lack of any general standard for oil-well cement, each manufacturer made, and continues to make and market, his own conception of what constitutes \"oil-well\" cement. All are still fundamentally similar to construction grades, but have a somewhat wider range of setting time; i.e., there may be much greater difference in setting time between two oil-well cements of different makes than between two construction cements. For instance, one oil-well cement sets in 1 hour and 20 min., and another in 2 hours and 45 min. at 140 deg. F. The oil operator has been, on the whole, rather Ignorant of these facts, and has continued to buy and use cement labeled \"oil-well,\" whether it suited his particular use or not-trusting solely to the manufacturer. Today, operators often buy \"oil-well\" cement which unknown to them, has a slow-setting rate; then treat it chemically to accelerate it. Often, some grade of the cheaper construction cement, untreated, would have fitted the use better. Tremendous strides have been made by the cement industry in the last few years in the study 'of the fundamental reactive ingredients in cement.

Portland cement. which is primarily a construction material, is used extensively In oil and gas wells To provide products that perform satisfactorily the high temperatures and pressures encountered In many well-cementing operations, the cement manufacturers market special oil-well types of portland cement in addition to the regular construction types Because there are many types and brands of portland cement, the purchasers often are confused about which ones possess the properties needed for various well conditions
The API specification discussed in this paper contains a set of physical and chemical requirements constituted specifically to cover those properties needed in the cementing of oil and gas wells It includes also a system of classifying and identifying portland cement In terms related to well-cementing operations The system provides for seven classes of portland cement to cover each basic type available to the oil and gas industry Specification values for the seven classes have been established on thickening time , strength, soundness. fineness, and chemical content
Use of the API specification by those who make, transfer, and purchase oil-well cements should be helpful In eliminating confusion about classifying. Identifying and specifying the basic types of portland cement for use in oil and gas wells it is hoped that the benefits of the API system of classification and specification will be realized and that the system will find wide acceptance and use by all who are concerned with the cementing of oil and gas wells

Oil Well Cement Class G มาตรฐาน API10A สำหรับลูกค้ากลุ่มขุดเจาะน้ำมันและก๊าซ (Oil & Gas Drilling Industry)
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